Best WooCommerce SEO Plugins: 12 Must-Have Plugins for Higher Rankings

WooCommerce powers over 6.5 million active online stores, making it the most popular ecommerce platform by installation count. Its strength lies in the WordPress ecosystem—the same ecosystem that gives you access to thousands of SEO plugins. But that abundance creates a different problem: which plugins actually move the needle, and which ones just add bloat to your store?

We've tested each plugin on live WooCommerce stores, measured their impact on page speed, analyzed their schema output with Google's Rich Results Test, and evaluated their actual SEO impact over 3-6 month periods. Here are the 12 WooCommerce SEO plugins that earned their place in a production store's toolkit.

1. Comprehensive SEO Plugins

Every WooCommerce store needs one (and only one) comprehensive SEO plugin. These handle the fundamentals: meta tags, XML sitemaps, schema markup, breadcrumbs, and content analysis. The three contenders below are all excellent, but they serve different types of store owners.

Yoast SEO for WooCommerce

Yoast SEO is the most widely used WordPress SEO plugin, installed on over 13 million websites. The base Yoast SEO plugin handles general WordPress SEO, but the dedicated WooCommerce add-on extends it with ecommerce-specific features: Product schema markup with GTIN, brand, and manufacturer fields, OpenGraph product tags for social sharing, and integration with WooCommerce's breadcrumb system.

Yoast's strength is its content analysis system. The traffic light scoring (green, orange, red) for both SEO and readability makes it accessible for store owners who are not SEO experts. The premium version adds internal linking suggestions, redirect manager, and the ability to optimize for multiple focus keywords per page.

• Product Schema: Generates comprehensive Product schema including price, availability, SKU, brand, GTIN, condition, and aggregate ratings from WooCommerce reviews.
• Breadcrumb Control: Override WooCommerce's default breadcrumbs with SEO-optimized breadcrumb navigation and BreadcrumbList schema markup.
• Content Analysis: Real-time SEO and readability scoring for product descriptions, category pages, and blog posts with actionable improvement suggestions.
• XML Sitemaps: Automatically generates and manages XML sitemaps including product pages, category pages, and tag archives with proper priority and change frequency.

Pricing: Yoast SEO Free (base plugin) is free. Yoast WooCommerce SEO add-on is $79/year. Yoast SEO Premium (includes WooCommerce features) is $99/year.

WordPress Rating: 4.8/5 (27,000+ reviews)

Best for: Store owners who value a proven, well-documented plugin with an intuitive interface and excellent support. Ideal if your team includes non-technical content editors who need guided SEO recommendations.

Rank Math SEO

Rank Math has rapidly become the most feature-rich WordPress SEO plugin, and its WooCommerce integration is built into the core plugin rather than requiring a separate add-on. This means you get Product schema, WooCommerce sitemap integration, and ecommerce-specific SEO analysis without paying extra.

Where Rank Math truly differentiates is its free tier. Features that Yoast charges $99/year for—like redirect manager, advanced schema editor, and multi-keyword optimization—are included in Rank Math Free. The Pro version ($59/year) adds keyword rank tracking, Google Analytics integration, and advanced schema types.

• Advanced Schema Editor: Visual schema builder that goes beyond basic Product schema. Create custom schema types, modify output per product, and validate against Google's requirements in real time.
• Multi-Keyword Optimization: Optimize each product page for up to 5 focus keywords (free version) or unlimited keywords (Pro), with individual scoring for each keyword.
• Redirect Manager: Built-in 301/302/307 redirect manager with regex support, auto-redirect on slug changes, and import/export functionality. Included free.
• SEO Audit: 30+ test audit that checks your entire WooCommerce store for SEO issues including missing alt text, thin content, broken links, and schema errors.
• Google Analytics Integration: View traffic data directly in the WordPress dashboard without switching to Google Analytics (Pro version).

Pricing: Free version with full WooCommerce support. Pro at $59/year for 1 site (includes rank tracking, advanced analytics). Business at $199/year for 100 sites.

WordPress Rating: 4.9/5 (6,000+ reviews)

Best for: Store owners who want maximum features at minimum cost. The free version is genuinely more capable than competitors' premium offerings. Also ideal for developers and agencies managing multiple WooCommerce stores.

All in One SEO (AIOSEO)

All in One SEO has been around since 2007 and offers a polished, user-friendly interface that simplifies WooCommerce SEO for beginners. Its TruSEO scoring system analyzes your product pages against best practices and provides clear recommendations. The WooCommerce integration handles Product schema, optimized breadcrumbs, and social media meta tags.

AIOSEO's standout feature is its setup wizard. It walks you through configuring every SEO setting for your WooCommerce store in under 10 minutes, with intelligent defaults based on your store type and size. For store owners who want to set up SEO properly without learning technical details, AIOSEO is the most approachable option.

• Setup Wizard: Step-by-step configuration wizard that sets optimal SEO settings for WooCommerce stores in minutes.
• WooCommerce Schema: Automatic Product schema with support for variable products, grouped products, and external/affiliate products.
• Smart Sitemap: Intelligent XML sitemap generation that automatically handles WooCommerce-specific page types and respects product visibility settings.
• Link Assistant: Suggests internal linking opportunities between products, categories, and blog posts based on content analysis (Pro feature).

Pricing: Free version available. Plus at $49.60/year (1 site), Pro at $99.60/year (3 sites), Elite at $299.60/year (100 sites).

WordPress Rating: 4.7/5 (7,000+ reviews)

Best for: Beginners and non-technical store owners who want a plug-and-play SEO solution with minimal configuration required.

2. Schema & Structured Data Plugins

While comprehensive SEO plugins include basic schema support, dedicated schema plugins offer advanced control that can win you rich snippets competitors miss. Rich results showing price, availability, ratings, and review counts in Google search can increase click-through rates by 20-30% for product pages.

Schema Pro

Schema Pro by Brainstorm Force is a dedicated schema markup plugin that goes far beyond what SEO plugins offer. It supports 20+ schema types and provides a visual mapping interface that lets you connect your WooCommerce product fields (title, price, SKU, images, categories) directly to schema properties without writing a line of code.

The key advantage over built-in SEO plugin schema is granularity. Schema Pro lets you create conditional schema rules (e.g., add "SaleEvent" schema only to products currently on sale), customize schema output per product category, and add schema types that SEO plugins don't support (FAQ, HowTo, Video, Review).

• Visual Schema Mapping: Drag-and-drop interface to map WooCommerce fields to schema properties. No coding required for even complex schema configurations.
• 20+ Schema Types: Support for Product, FAQ, HowTo, Review, Video, Recipe, Event, Course, and more. Apply different schema types to different page templates.
• Conditional Schema: Create rules to add specific schema types based on product category, tag, price range, or custom field values.
• Schema Validation: Built-in testing tool validates your schema output against Google's Rich Results requirements and alerts you to errors.

Pricing: $79/year for 1 site. Lifetime deal occasionally available at $249.

WordPress Rating: 4.8/5 (300+ reviews)

Best for: WooCommerce stores that need advanced schema types beyond basic Product markup, or stores that want granular control over schema output per product category.

JERL WooCommerce Product Schema

A lightweight, WooCommerce-specific schema plugin that focuses exclusively on generating the most complete Product schema possible. Unlike general-purpose schema plugins, it understands WooCommerce's data model deeply: variable products get individual Offer schema for each variation, grouped products get proper ItemList markup, and external products get the correct schema structure for affiliate products.

• Variable Product Support: Generates individual Offer schema for each product variation with its own price, availability, SKU, and image.
• Review Aggregation: Properly aggregates WooCommerce product reviews into AggregateRating schema, including review count and average rating.
• GTIN/MPN/Brand Fields: Adds custom fields to the WooCommerce product editor for GTIN, MPN, and Brand—critical for Google Shopping eligibility.
• Automatic Updates: Schema markup updates dynamically when prices, stock status, or reviews change without manual intervention.

Pricing: $49/year for 1 site.

Best for: Stores that want the most complete Product schema possible without the overhead of a full schema management system.

3. Performance & Caching Plugins

Page speed is a confirmed Google ranking factor, and for WooCommerce stores it directly impacts conversion rates. WooCommerce adds significant database overhead with product queries, cart calculations, and session management. Without proper caching, every page load triggers dozens of database queries and PHP processes that slow your store to a crawl.

WP Rocket

WP Rocket is the most popular premium caching plugin for WordPress, and it works exceptionally well with WooCommerce. Unlike free caching plugins that require extensive configuration, WP Rocket applies optimal caching rules for WooCommerce out of the box: it automatically excludes cart, checkout, and account pages from caching, handles logged-in user cache properly, and manages WooCommerce session fragments without breaking the shopping experience.

Beyond basic page caching, WP Rocket handles CSS and JavaScript optimization (minification, concatenation, deferral), lazy loading for images and iframes, database cleanup, and CDN integration. Most WooCommerce stores see a 40-60% improvement in page load times after installing and configuring WP Rocket.

• WooCommerce-Aware Caching: Automatically excludes cart, checkout, my account, and other dynamic WooCommerce pages from the page cache while still caching product and category pages.
• CSS/JS Optimization: Minifies, concatenates, and defers non-critical CSS and JavaScript. Remove Unused CSS feature identifies and eliminates CSS that is not used on each specific page.
• Database Optimization: Cleans up WooCommerce transients, expired sessions, post revisions, and orphaned meta data that accumulate over time and slow database queries.
• Preloading: Crawls your sitemap and preloads pages into the cache so the first visitor to each page gets a cached (fast) response instead of generating the page from scratch.
• CDN Integration: One-click integration with Cloudflare, BunnyCDN, KeyCDN, and other CDN providers for global content delivery.

Pricing: $59/year for 1 site, $119/year for 3 sites, $299/year for unlimited sites.

WordPress Rating: Not listed on WordPress.org (sold exclusively through wp-rocket.me). 4.9/5 on Trustpilot with 1,500+ reviews.

Best for: Any WooCommerce store that wants the best caching solution with minimal configuration. The WooCommerce-specific exclusion rules alone make it worth the premium price over free alternatives.

LiteSpeed Cache

If your WooCommerce store runs on a LiteSpeed web server (used by hosts like Cloudways, A2 Hosting, and NameHero), LiteSpeed Cache is the most powerful caching plugin available and it's completely free. It provides server-level caching that is inherently faster than application-level caching plugins because it operates at the web server layer rather than the PHP layer.

LiteSpeed Cache includes a built-in CDN (QUIC.cloud), image optimization service, CSS/JS optimization, and database cleanup—essentially combining the functionality of 3-4 separate plugins into one. For WooCommerce, it handles logged-in user cache, cart page ESI (Edge Side Includes), and private cache for user-specific content.

• Server-Level Caching: Operates at the LiteSpeed web server level for faster cache delivery than PHP-based alternatives. Includes ESI (Edge Side Includes) for caching pages with dynamic elements like cart counts.
• Built-in Image Optimization: Free image compression and WebP conversion through QUIC.cloud. Handles bulk optimization of existing product images.
• Critical CSS Generation: Automatically generates and inlines critical CSS for above-the-fold content, eliminating render-blocking CSS without manual configuration.
• Guest Mode: Serves fully cached pages to non-logged-in visitors while maintaining dynamic functionality for logged-in customers. Dramatically improves Time to First Byte for organic traffic.

Pricing: Free (requires LiteSpeed web server). QUIC.cloud CDN free tier includes 5 GB/mo bandwidth.

WordPress Rating: 4.8/5 (4,500+ reviews)

Best for: WooCommerce stores hosted on LiteSpeed servers. If your host supports LiteSpeed, there is no reason to use any other caching plugin. The combination of server-level performance and zero cost makes it the clear choice.

4. Image Optimization Plugins

Product images are typically the heaviest assets on WooCommerce pages. A single product page with 6-8 high-resolution images can weigh 5-10 MB without optimization. Since WooCommerce generates multiple image sizes (thumbnail, medium, large, and various WooCommerce-specific sizes) for every uploaded image, optimization is essential for both page speed and storage.

Imagify

Imagify is built by the same team behind WP Rocket and integrates seamlessly with both WP Rocket and WooCommerce. It compresses images at three levels (Normal, Aggressive, Ultra) and automatically converts images to WebP format. The key advantage for WooCommerce stores is that Imagify compresses all generated image sizes automatically, not just the original upload.

When you upload a product image to WooCommerce, WordPress generates 5-8 additional sizes. Imagify compresses every single one. For a store with 1,000 products averaging 5 images each, that's 25,000-40,000 image files that need optimization. Imagify handles this in bulk and automatically processes new uploads.

• Three Compression Levels: Normal (lossless), Aggressive (lossy with minimal visible quality loss), and Ultra (maximum compression). Most WooCommerce stores should use Aggressive for product images.
• WebP Conversion: Automatically generates WebP versions and serves them to supported browsers via rewrite rules. Works with WP Rocket for seamless WebP delivery.
• Bulk Optimization: Compress your entire existing media library in one click. Progress tracking shows how many images remain and total size savings.
• Original Backup: Stores original images so you can restore them or re-optimize at a different compression level at any time.
• Next-Gen Formats: Support for WebP with AVIF conversion coming, ensuring your store serves the most efficient image formats available.

Pricing: Free tier (20 MB/mo). Starter at $4.99/mo (500 MB), Growth at $9.99/mo (unlimited).

WordPress Rating: 4.6/5 (2,000+ reviews)

Best for: WooCommerce stores already using WP Rocket (the integration is seamless) or any store that wants set-and-forget image optimization with reliable WebP conversion.

ShortPixel Image Optimizer

ShortPixel is the most versatile image optimization plugin for WordPress, supporting JPEG, PNG, GIF, WebP, and AVIF formats. Its compression algorithms consistently rank among the best in independent tests, achieving smaller file sizes than competitors at equivalent visual quality. For WooCommerce, ShortPixel's ability to process and serve AVIF images is a significant advantage—AVIF files are typically 50% smaller than WebP at the same quality.

• AVIF Support: Full AVIF generation and delivery, making ShortPixel one of the few plugins that supports this next-generation format. AVIF images load significantly faster than WebP or JPEG.
• Glossy Compression: A unique compression mode between lossy and lossless that preserves more detail in product images while still achieving significant file size reduction.
• PDF Optimization: Compresses PDF files (product manuals, size guides, spec sheets) that many WooCommerce stores offer for download.
• CloudFlare Integration: Automatic cache purge on Cloudflare when images are optimized, ensuring visitors always receive the compressed versions.
• Smart Cropping: AI-powered smart cropping that detects the focal point in product images and crops thumbnails intelligently.

Pricing: Free tier (100 images/mo). Short at $3.99/mo (5,000 credits), Large at $8.99/mo (12,000 credits), XXL at $18.99/mo (55,000 credits).

WordPress Rating: 4.7/5 (1,200+ reviews)

Best for: Stores that want cutting-edge image formats (especially AVIF) and need the best possible compression quality for product photography.

5. Internal Linking & Redirect Plugins

Internal linking is one of the most underutilized SEO levers for WooCommerce stores. Properly linking between products, categories, and content pages distributes authority, helps Google discover new pages, and keeps visitors engaged longer. Redirect management is equally critical for WooCommerce stores where products are frequently added, removed, and reorganized.

Internal Link Juicer

Internal Link Juicer automates internal linking across your WooCommerce store by letting you define keyword-to-URL mappings. When any of your defined keywords appear in product descriptions, category descriptions, or blog posts, the plugin automatically creates an internal link to the target page. This is transformative for stores with large catalogs where manually adding internal links to every product description is impractical.

For WooCommerce specifically, Internal Link Juicer works across all content types: product descriptions, short descriptions, category descriptions, tag descriptions, and blog post content. You can configure maximum links per page, link diversity settings, and exclude specific pages from receiving automatic links.

• Keyword-Based Auto-Linking: Define keyword-to-URL mappings and the plugin automatically creates internal links wherever those keywords appear in your content.
• Link Limits: Set maximum links per page and per keyword to prevent over-optimization. Control link density at the site-wide and page levels.
• WooCommerce Support: Works in product descriptions, short descriptions, category descriptions, and all post types. Links are added dynamically without modifying your database content.
• Link Statistics: Dashboard showing how many internal links each page receives and sends, helping you identify pages that need more internal linking support.
• Blacklist/Whitelist: Exclude specific pages from receiving auto-links (like checkout, cart, contact) or restrict auto-linking to specific content types only.

Pricing: Free version with core features. Pro at $69.99/year for advanced settings, priority support, and custom post type support.

WordPress Rating: 4.8/5 (200+ reviews)

Best for: WooCommerce stores with large product catalogs (500+ products) where manual internal linking across all product descriptions is impractical.

Redirection

Redirection is the most established WordPress redirect management plugin with over 2 million active installations. For WooCommerce stores, redirect management is critical because products are constantly being discontinued, URLs change during category reorganizations, and platform migrations generate thousands of URL changes. A single broken product URL that was receiving organic traffic can mean lost revenue.

Redirection goes beyond simple 301 redirects. It supports conditional redirects based on referrer, user agent, cookies, and login status. It automatically creates redirects when WordPress post slugs change. And it logs all 404 errors so you can quickly identify and fix broken links from external sites and search engine indexes.

• Auto-Redirect on URL Change: Automatically creates a 301 redirect whenever a product or page URL slug changes in WordPress. Prevents broken links from URL edits.
• 404 Error Logging: Tracks all 404 errors with referrer information so you can identify the most impactful broken links to fix. Filterable by frequency, referrer, and user agent.
• Regex Redirects: Create pattern-based redirects using regular expressions. Essential for bulk redirects during WooCommerce migrations or category restructures.
• Import/Export: Import redirects from CSV, Apache .htaccess, Nginx config, or other redirect plugins. Export your redirect list for backup or migration.
• Conditional Redirects: Redirect based on referrer, user agent, cookies, IP, server, or HTTP header. Useful for sending mobile users to different pages or handling bot traffic.

Pricing: Free (fully featured).

WordPress Rating: 4.3/5 (1,000+ reviews)

Best for: Every WooCommerce store. Redirect management is not optional for ecommerce—it is essential. Redirection is free, lightweight, and handles the job well. If your SEO plugin (Rank Math or Yoast Premium) already includes a redirect manager, you may not need Redirection separately.

6. Free vs Premium: What You Actually Need

The WooCommerce SEO plugin market is designed to upsell. Free versions tease features and lock advanced functionality behind paywalls. But many stores overpay for premium features they don't actually need. Here's an honest breakdown of when free versions are sufficient and when premium is worth the investment.

Features where free is sufficient

• Basic meta tag management: Every free SEO plugin (Yoast, Rank Math, AIOSEO) lets you customize title tags and meta descriptions for products, categories, and pages. Premium adds templates and bulk editing, but manual optimization is fine for stores under 500 products.
• XML sitemaps: Free sitemap generation is functionally identical to premium in all major SEO plugins. Your sitemap just needs to list your indexable URLs with accurate lastmod dates.
• Basic schema markup: Free tiers of Yoast and Rank Math generate Product, Organization, and BreadcrumbList schema that covers the most impactful rich result types.
• Image compression: Free tiers of Imagify and ShortPixel handle enough images for small stores. Manual optimization with tools like Squoosh is an alternative for very small catalogs.
• Redirects: The Redirection plugin is fully featured and free. Rank Math Free also includes a redirect manager.

Features worth paying for

• Advanced schema control: If you need FAQ schema on product pages, Video schema for product demos, or conditional schema logic, Schema Pro or Rank Math Pro is worth the investment.
• Internal linking suggestions: Yoast Premium and AIOSEO Pro suggest internal linking opportunities. For stores with 1,000+ products and active blogs, this saves significant time.
• Remove Unused CSS: WP Rocket's Remove Unused CSS feature can dramatically improve page speed by eliminating CSS that WooCommerce and your theme load unnecessarily on each page.
• Bulk image optimization: If you have thousands of product images, the free tiers of image optimization plugins won't cover your needs. The paid tiers of Imagify or ShortPixel become essential.
• WooCommerce-aware caching: WP Rocket's WooCommerce-specific cache exclusion rules prevent the cart and checkout breakage that free caching plugins commonly cause.

7. Plugin Conflicts to Avoid

WooCommerce SEO plugin conflicts are one of the most common causes of SEO issues that store owners don't realize they have. Conflicting plugins can produce duplicate schema markup, multiple sitemaps, contradictory meta robots directives, and JavaScript errors that break page rendering. Here are the conflicts to avoid.

Never combine these plugins

• Two comprehensive SEO plugins: Never run Yoast + Rank Math, Yoast + AIOSEO, or Rank Math + AIOSEO simultaneously. Each one manages meta tags, sitemaps, and schema. Running two creates duplicate output for all three.
• SEO plugin schema + dedicated schema plugin: If you use Schema Pro or another dedicated schema plugin, disable schema output in your SEO plugin (Yoast or Rank Math both have options for this). Otherwise, every product page will have two Product schema blocks.
• Two caching plugins: Running WP Rocket + LiteSpeed Cache, or WP Super Cache + W3 Total Cache, creates caching conflicts that can serve stale pages, break WooCommerce sessions, or crash your site.
• Two image optimization plugins: Running Imagify + ShortPixel results in images being compressed twice, potentially creating visible quality degradation and wasting server resources.

Conflicts that cause subtle SEO damage

• Multiple sitemap generators: Some themes, WooCommerce extensions, and SEO plugins all generate XML sitemaps independently. Check that you only have one sitemap being submitted to Google Search Console. Visit /sitemap.xml, /sitemap_index.xml, and /wp-sitemap.xml to check for multiples.
• Conflicting robots.txt rules: Caching plugins, security plugins, and SEO plugins can all modify robots.txt. Review your live robots.txt (/robots.txt) to ensure no plugin is accidentally blocking product pages or category archives.
• JavaScript conflicts: Too many plugins loading JavaScript on the frontend can cause conflicts that break WooCommerce functionality. Use the Query Monitor plugin to identify plugins adding excessive scripts.

8. Building Your WooCommerce SEO Stack

The right plugin stack depends on your store's size, budget, and technical comfort level. Here are three recommended stacks with estimated annual costs.

Starter Stack ($0/year)

For new WooCommerce stores or stores just beginning to invest in SEO:

• Rank Math Free — Comprehensive SEO with schema, redirects, and multi-keyword analysis included free.
• LiteSpeed Cache (if on LiteSpeed hosting) or WP Super Cache (free alternative) — Page caching and basic performance optimization.
• ShortPixel Free — 100 images/month of compression with WebP conversion.
• Redirection — 404 monitoring and redirect management.

Total cost: $0/year. This stack covers all SEO fundamentals and is genuinely sufficient for stores with under 500 products.

Growth Stack ($200-350/year)

For growing WooCommerce stores with 500-5,000 products and meaningful organic traffic:

• Rank Math Pro ($59/year) — Advanced schema, rank tracking, and Google Analytics integration.
• WP Rocket ($59/year) — WooCommerce-aware caching with CSS/JS optimization and preloading.
• Imagify Growth ($9.99/mo = $120/year) — Unlimited image optimization with WebP conversion.
• Internal Link Juicer Pro ($69.99/year) — Automated internal linking across products and content.

Total cost: ~$308/year. This stack automates the most time-consuming SEO tasks and provides serious performance optimization.

Enterprise Stack ($500+/year)

For high-volume WooCommerce stores with 5,000+ products and dedicated SEO resources:

• Yoast SEO Premium + WooCommerce SEO ($99/year) — Enterprise-grade SEO workflow with internal linking suggestions and content analysis.
• Schema Pro ($79/year) — Advanced schema types beyond Product (FAQ, Video, HowTo) with conditional logic.
• WP Rocket ($299/year unlimited) — Full performance suite across all store properties.
• ShortPixel XXL ($18.99/mo = $228/year) — 55,000 images/month for large catalogs with AVIF support.
• Internal Link Juicer Pro ($69.99/year) — Automated internal linking at scale.

Total cost: ~$775/year. This stack provides maximum SEO automation and performance for stores where organic search is a primary revenue driver.

Choosing the Right Plugins for Your Store

The most important takeaway from this guide is restraint. You do not need all 12 plugins. You need one comprehensive SEO plugin, one caching plugin, one image optimization plugin, and optionally one internal linking plugin. That's 3-4 plugins total for a complete WooCommerce SEO stack.

Start with the free stack (Rank Math Free + LiteSpeed Cache/WP Super Cache + ShortPixel Free + Redirection). Measure your baseline Core Web Vitals, indexation rates, and organic traffic. Then invest in premium upgrades only when you've identified specific bottlenecks that free tools cannot solve. WP Rocket is almost always worth the upgrade for WooCommerce stores because its WooCommerce-specific caching rules prevent the cart and checkout issues that plague free caching plugins.

Remember that plugins optimize execution, not strategy. No plugin can determine which keywords to target, how to structure your product categories, what content to create, or how to build authoritative backlinks. Those decisions require SEO expertise that no plugin can replace. If your organic traffic is stagnant despite having the right plugins installed, the bottleneck is almost certainly strategy, not tooling.